A tathāgata.
A tathāgata.
The essentially pure nature of mind is obscured and afflicted by various psychological defilements, which destroy the mind’s peace and composure and lead to unwholesome deeds of body, speech, and mind, acting as causes for continued existence in saṃsāra. Included among them are the primary afflictions of desire (rāga), anger (dveṣa), and ignorance (moha). It is said that there are eighty-four thousand of these negative mental qualities, for which the eighty-four thousand categories of the Buddha’s teachings serve as the antidote.
Kleśa is also commonly translated as “negative emotions,” “disturbing emotions,” and so on. The Pāli kilesa, Middle Indic kileśa, and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit kleśa all primarily mean “stain” or “defilement.” The translation “affliction” is a secondary development that derives from the more general (non-Buddhist) classical understanding of √kliś (“to harm,“ “to afflict”). Both meanings are noted by Buddhist commentators.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
Lord of the nāgas in the trichiliocosm.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A class or powerful nonhuman beings, sometimes called demigods, who are often portrayed as the enemies of the devas. One of the six classes of beings.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A tathāgata.
In Buddhist literature, this is an epithet applied to buddhas, most often to Śākyamuni. The Sanskrit term generally means “possessing fortune,” but in specifically Buddhist contexts it implies that a buddha is in possession of six auspicious qualities (bhaga) associated with complete awakening. The Tibetan term—where bcom is said to refer to “subduing” the four māras, ldan to “possessing” the great qualities of buddhahood, and ’das to “going beyond” saṃsāra and nirvāṇa—possibly reflects the commentarial tradition where the Sanskrit bhagavat is interpreted, in addition, as “one who destroys the four māras.” This is achieved either by reading bhagavat as bhagnavat (“one who broke”), or by tracing the word bhaga to the root √bhañj (“to break”).
A goddess.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
The term bhikṣu, often translated as “monk,” refers to the highest among the eight types of prātimokṣa vows that make one part of the Buddhist assembly. The Sanskrit term literally means “beggar” or “mendicant,” referring to the fact that Buddhist monks and nuns—like other ascetics of the time—subsisted on alms (bhikṣā) begged from the laity.
In the Tibetan tradition, which follows the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, a monk follows 253 rules as part of his moral discipline. A nun (bhikṣuṇī; dge slong ma) follows 364 rules. A novice monk (śrāmaṇera; dge tshul) or nun (śrāmaṇerikā; dge tshul ma) follows thirty-six rules of moral discipline (although in other vinaya traditions novices typically follow only ten).
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A being who is dedicated to the cultivation and fulfilment of the altruistic intention to attain perfect buddhahood, traversing the ten bodhisattva levels (daśabhūmi, sa bcu). Bodhisattvas purposely opt to remain within cyclic existence in order to liberate all sentient beings, instead of simply seeking personal freedom from suffering. In terms of the view, they realize both the selflessness of persons and the selflessness of phenomena.
A high-ranking deity presiding over a divine world; he is also considered to be the lord of the Sahā world (our universe). Though not considered a creator god in Buddhism, Brahmā occupies an important place as one of two gods (the other being Indra/Śakra) said to have first exhorted the Buddha Śākyamuni to teach the Dharma. The particular heavens found in the form realm over which Brahmā rules are often some of the most sought-after realms of higher rebirth in Buddhist literature. Since there are many universes or world systems, there are also multiple Brahmās presiding over them. His most frequent epithets are “Lord of the Sahā World” (sahāṃpati) and Great Brahmā (mahābrahman).
One of the celestial realms belonging to the form realm, it is ruled over by the god Brahmā.
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A world that has been transformed and blessed by a buddha. Similar to a “buddhafield.”
A world that has been transformed and blessed by a buddha. Similar to a “buddha realm.”
A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.
A goddess.
A tathāgata.
A tathāgata.
A goddess.
A tathāgata.
A goddess.
A tathāgata.
A tathāgata.
A tathāgata.
A tathāgata.
A tathāgata.
sprin chen po (Mahāmegha). Toh 235, Degé Kangyur, vol. 64 (mdo sde, wa), folios 250.b–263.a.
sprin chen po (Mahāmegha). Toh 657, Degé Kangyur vol. 91 (rgyud, ba), folios 163.a–175.b.
sprin chen po (Mahāmegha). Toh 1063, Degé Kangyur vol. 101 (gzungs, waM), folios 216.a–229.b.
sprin chen po (Mahāmegha). Toh 232, Degé Kangyur vol. 64 (mdo sde, wa), folios 113.a–214.b. English translation in Mahamegha Translation Group 2022.
sprin chen po rlung gi dkyil ’khor gyi le’u klu thams cad kyi snying po (Mahāmeghavāyumaṇḍalaparivartasarvanāgahṛdaya). Toh 234, Degé Kangyur, vol. 64 (mdo sde, wa), folios 246.a–250.b.
Denkarma (pho brang stod thang ldan[/lhan] dkar gyi chos ’gyur ro cog gi dkar chag). Toh 4364, Degé Tengyur vol. 206 (sna tshogs, jo), folios 294.b–310.a.
Phangthangma (dkar chag ’phang thang ma). Beijing: mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 2003.
Bendall, Cecil. “The Megha-Sūtra.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, new series, 12, no. 2 (1880): 286–311.
Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. Die lHan kar ma: ein früher Katalog der ins Tibetische übersetzten buddhistischen Texte. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008.
Mahamegha Translation Group, trans. The Great Cloud (1) (Mahāmeghasūtra, Toh 232). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2022.
Moriguchi Mitsutoshi. “Mahā-megha-sūtra P.64.1.” Taishō daigaku sōgō bukkyō kenkyūjō nenpō 2 (1980): 178–161.
Paramārthanāma Vinirgata Mahāpratyaṅgīrā Mahāvidyārājñī. British Library, ref. EAP676/16/2.